Culture-Related Influences on Volunteerism in Later Life: A Conceptual Framework

Abstract

Purpose Participation in volunteerism in later life varies across ethnoracial groups, suggesting that culture-related influences may contribute to this difference. However, such influences remain underexplored and are often represented solely by religiosity. This paper maps conceptualizations of culture-related influences on volunteerism among older adults and introduces a structured organizing framework. Methodology An iterative, exploratory review of literature identified through Google Scholar was conducted to examine patterns in conceptualizations of culture-related influences. These patterns informed the development of a two-tier framework that distinguishes broad culture-related domains (Tier 1) from specific culture-related factors (Tier 2). Findings The proposed framework identifies seven culture-related domains that shape volunteerism in later life: values and beliefs; norms and social expectations; identity and belonging; religion and spirituality; language and communication; cultural practices and traditions; and structural and contextual environments. The framework further clarifies how these conceptual domains and corresponding factors influence volunteerism in later life. Originality This paper offers the first integrative two-tier framework to organize culture-related influences on volunteerism among older adults, thereby supporting more coherent conceptual development in this field. Implications The proposed framework has implications for research, practice, and policy. It can guide future evidence synthesis (such as reviews), support the development of conceptually grounded and culturally responsive research designs, inform interventions and policies that recognize diverse cultural meanings of volunteer engagement, and promote volunteerism in later life.