White Racial Identity Models: A Critique and Alternative Proposal

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dc.contributor.authorWayne Rowe
dc.contributor.authorSandra K. Bennett
dc.contributor.authorDonald R. Atkinson
dc.date.accessioned2016-01-14T19:53:46Z
dc.date.accessioned2016-03-30T15:35:27Z
dc.date.available2016-01-14T19:53:46Z
dc.date.available2016-03-30T15:35:27Z
dc.date.issued1994-01-01
dc.description.abstractExisting models of White racial identity development (WRID) are challenged as being deficient in terms of: (a) being based on the oppression-adaptive models of minority identity development, (b) focusing primarily on attitudes toward racial/ethnic out-groups, not on White identity attitudes; and (c) depicting the process as developmental in nature. An alternative conceptualization, based on the construct of White racial consciousness, is presented as a more parsimonious explanation for the role of racially oriented attitudes. Three types of unachieved White racial consciousness (avoidant, dependent, and dissonant) are proposed along with four types of achieved White racial consciousness (dominative, conflictive, reactive, and integrative). Changes in attitudes characteristic of one type to those more representative of another are explained in terms of dissonance reduction. Information is provided regarding the availability of an assessment device designed to identify the types of White racial consciousness.en_US
dc.description.peerreviewYesen_US
dc.description.peerreviewnoteshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guidelinesen_US
dc.identifier.citationRowe, W., Bennett, S. K., & Atkinson, D. R. (1994). White Racial Identity Models: A Critique and Alternative Proposal. The Counseling Psychologist, 22(1), 129-146. doi: 10.1177/0011000094221009en_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1177/0011000094221009en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11244/25438
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherThe Counseling Psychologist
dc.rights.requestablefalseen_US
dc.titleWhite Racial Identity Models: A Critique and Alternative Proposalen_US
dc.typeResearch Articleen_US

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