The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has evolved toward a self- contained numerical weather prediction system, capable of modeling atmospheric mo- tions ranging from global to microscales. The promise of such capability is appealing to both operational and research user communities for which accurate prediction of turbulence effects is increasingly desirable. Air pollution applications, for instance, rely on accurate representation of the dispersive role of small-scale atmospheric mo- tions. On the other hand, many remote sensing applications depend on the accurate description of propagation of electromagnetic and acoustic waves in the turbulent at- mosphere. The question of how best to adequately represent small-scale atmospheric motions in the range of scales of the order of 100 m and less based on numerical model output, remains a topic of debate.

Several methods have been evaluated in the reported study with a goal to identify an optimal approach to reproduce realistic near-surface flow fields and turbulence parameters using mesoscale numerical model output. The focus of the study was primarily on the daytime flow fields correspond- ing to the convective boundary layer (CBL) conditions. A straightforward application of the WRF model in a traditional mesoscale configuration was the first evaluated approach. The WRF model applied in the large eddy simulation (LES) mode was another evaluated model configuration. Approaches were also explored that are based on using the outputs of mesoscale models (including the WRF model) to nudge high- resolution LES of boundary-layer flows to realistic mesoscale environments. For this purpose, the OU-LES code was employed. Historically, this code has proven to be ad- equate for the reproduction of idealized CBL flows, but its technical implementation limits applicability to real-world situations.

Mean fields of meteorological quantities predicted by the WRF model in a mesoscale configuration generally compare favor- ably with observational and LES data. However, inspection of near-surface turbulence characteristics indicates that the model fails to adequately reproduce the spatial vari- ability associated with atmospheric turbulence. Results from the WRF-LES indicate that the model tends to attribute more energy to larger-scale components of motion as compared to the conventional LES. Consequently, the WRF model fails to adequately reproduce spatial variability within sufficiently broad scale ranges. Spectra from the WRF model have narrower inertial subranges and point to over-dissipation on small scales of turbulent motion. Employment of the high-resolution OU-LES driven by the output of the WRF model run in the mesoscale-mode yielded the overall best results in terms of predicting near-surface turbulence parameters. This approach appears to be a best compromise in generating accurate bulk meteorological quantities and realistic turbulence statistics across a broad range of turbulence scales.