Because of both their deafness and their ethnicity, Indigenous Deaf people area doubly marginalized group, not only in society as a whole, but also within both Indigenous and Deaf communities. This dissertation will present new research related to them and their use of sign language. Set within a theoretical framework of Indigenous Methodologies, it examines this community’s important connections to past, present and future. For the past, it examines North American Indian Sign Language as represented on Rock Panels, a form of writing that evidences a pure form of indigenous sign expression prior to European contact and invasion and thus provides the present community with an anchor to the past. For the present and future, it considers language socialization and identity among Deaf Indigenous people today, and the complex interplay of stereotyping, language ideology, language endangerment, language and culture acquisition, and a special type of non-biological kinship that has developed to supplement the lack of connection provided by biological kinship.