UCO - Graduate Theses

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https://hdl.handle.net/11244/324596

Established in 1954, the Jackson College of Graduate Studies provides access to graduate education for culturally-diverse students locally, nationally, and internationally, while supporting UCO’s mission of transformative learning through processes which maintain and enhance quality. Masters' theses are a culmination of these studies. Print copies of all masters' theses produced by UCO students are available in UCO's Archives and Special Collections.

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Availability of Digitized Theses
Theses completed before December 2007 will gradually be made available in this collection. Chambers Library takes pride in its efforts to preserve the intellectual output of the university and has started a theses digitization project for any theses created before December 2007. UCO alumni interested in receiving a digital copy of their thesis created before 2008 may send an email to diwg@uco.edu. Please include the author name, year graduated, and degree information.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 69

Open Access
A dark cloud rests upon your nation : Lipan Apache sovereignty and relations with Mexico, the United States, and the Republic of Texas.
(2015) Hampton, Neal McDonald; Churchill, Lindsey Blake; Loughlin, Patricia; Lacher, Katrina
The indigenous nation of the Lipan Apaches initiated diplomatic interaction with European powers beginning with colonial Spain in the early eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, Lipan Apaches engaged the sovereign entities of the Republic of Texas, Mexico, and the United States. My thesis examines relations between the Lipan Apaches and external sovereigns from the advent of the Republic of Texas in 1836 to the 1856 massacre of people in Mexico. During this period, the Lipan asserted their own internal polity through democratic organization as well as external diplomatic negotiations with other nations. The thesis focuses on how Lipan Apaches attempted to establish boundaries relative to the Republic of Texas, the United States, and Mexico in an assertion of indigenous sovereignty. The thesis argues that sovereignty in the case of the Lipan Apaches consisted of community cohesion and diplomacy with other nations. This historical study begins with a literature review and then focuses on Lipan Apache external social relations with the Republic of Texas. Next, the thesis discusses autonomous relations with the settler states of Coahuila, Nuevo LeoÌ�n, and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico. The final chapter discusses treaty relations between the United States and the Lipan Apaches. In this part, the thesis promotes the idea that this indigenous nation linked itself to the settler state. Later, however, the United States delinked from the Lipan Apache nation and then promulgated a number of massacres against Native peoples including the Apaches. In my conclusion, I analyze the impact of indigenous theoreticians of sovereignty in an effort to determine the significance of this legal concept in understanding intergovernmental relations between Native Americans and the diverse settler states in the mid-nineteenth century.
Open Access
A reluctant call to arms : the origins and the development of the Truman Doctrine.
(2016) LaSala, Samuel C.; Li, Xiaobing, 1954-; Loughlin, Patricia; Plaks, Jeff
For nearly seventy years, historians have scrutinized the origins of the Cold War and debated the Truman Doctrine's significance to this international conflict. These sometimes emotional deliberations produced three distinct narratives, which sought to justify, assail, or simply explain the thirty-third president's impact on US-Soviet relations between 1945 and 1947. Not surprisingly, all of these interpretations accept the premise that the chief executive's appeal for the Greek-Turkish aid package constituted a fundamental change in Washington's foreign policy towards Moscow. This thesis, however, posits that Truman never intended to establish an open-ended universal policy designed to govern America's international agenda for the Cold War's entire duration. On the contrary, an analysis of government documents, personal memoirs, oral histories, and contemporary periodicals reveal the commander-in-chief as an inexperienced world leader whose ambivalence towards the USSR created an initial reluctance on his part to publicly criticize the Kremlin's leadership. Evidence suggests that negative domestic factors in late 1946 prompted the chief executive to openly embrace a confrontational policy towards the Soviet Union. Determined to revitalize his beleaguered administration, Truman readily co-opted the Republican's anti-communist position when he decided to safeguard Athens' government from Greece's ongoing insurgency. Consequently, he countered Moscow's perceived aggression in the Balkans with an extreme rhetorical stance calculated to gain immediate support from a hostile Congress and indifferent American public. Truman's zealous pursuit of this short term goal, however, inadvertently altered the public's long-term conception of US-Soviet relations. Though he never meant to establish a new doctrine, the president's speech ultimately resulted in a major paradigm shift in world affairs.
Open Access
A true, new woman: Alice Mary Robertson during first-wave feminism, 1854-1931
(2010) Caldwell, Deah; Brown, Kenny L.; Loughlin, Patricia; Sheetz-Nguyen, Jessica A.
The story of Alice Mary Robertson is complex and fascinating. Constituents from the second district in Oklahoma elected her to the United States House of Representatives in 1920. That same year, women had gained the right to vote through the passage of the nineteenth amendment. Robertson, however, had served as the vice president for Oklahoma's anti-suffrage association in 1916 when the state pushed to amend women's voting rights. This major contradiction has enabled academics to continue writing about the former-congressperson, attempting to unravel her anomalous lifestyle. The national media of the 1920s played a major role in characterizing Robertson as an anti-suffragist and anti-feminist representative, using her congressional seat to preserve the values of the Cult of True Womanhood, or domesticity, piety, and purity. Many secondary authors, since the rise of U.S. women's history in the 1970s, have continued to depict the former-congressperson in this way. None of the writers on Robertson, however, have attempted to place her within the time-specific context of first-wave feminism or exhausted all manuscript collections that relate to her directly, facilitating her defamed and misunderstood legacy. Few academics investigated: Robertson's brother's papers, Samuel Worcester Robertson, held at the Western History Collections at the University of Oklahoma in Norman; her sister's papers, Ann Augusta Moore Robertson, held at the Oklahoma Historical Society's Research Center in Oklahoma City; papers she submitted to Elmira College in Elmira, New York; and vertical files from any library, including the Oklahoma Department of Libraries. This thesis draws heavily on all the existing manuscript collections that relate to Robertson, as well as placing her within the context of women's movements during the first-wave. With that said, Robertson emerges with a very different persona. In fact, this thesis finds she consistently emulated aspects of New Womanhood throughout her life. By discussing women's movements during the turn of the twentieth century, looking at Robertson's life before she became a media sensation in 1920, highlighting the manipulation of newspaper articles that were written about her during her term in congress, and using manuscript collections to discuss her side of congressional issues, this thesis asserts that Robertson operated as a transitional figure between the ideals of True and New Womanhood.
Open Access
Adaptation and resilience : the Kiowa people in the nineteenth century
(2023) Kerrick, Walter; Panther, Natalie; Loughlin, Patricia; Lacher, Katrina
The history of American Indians has historically been viewed through an Anglo-European lens and not from the perspective of the subject population. The aim of this thesis is to give a brief account of the Kiowa people from their perspective and to focus on their hardihood in the face of American aggression. The literature from the late 1800s was largely constructed from observation of the Kiowa and interviews with the Kiowa. While some studies prioritized Kiowa accounts and records most relied most heavily on white observations of the Kiowa. In the 1900s this trend continued and those accounts from the late 1800s became the foundation for any research into Kiowa history and culture. It was not until the second half of the 1900s that many historians began critically evaluating those works and attempts were made to consult with the Kiowa people’s own recollections more often. Since the late 1900s and through to the present more emphasis has been put on the importance of Native narratives when constructing histories about native peoples. The Kiowa are a people who have consistently adapted to the world in which they live, acquiring and making their own elements borrowed from other cultures while retaining a strong cultural and historical identity for themselves. This thesis is a case study, examining the survival and adaption of one people. As such the research methods utilized were qualitative. Texts written by American and European academics were evaluated and compared to as many first-hand Kiowa accounts as could be located. The resulting work reflects as closely as possible a history of the Kiowa during the tumultuous nineteenth century reflecting their own experiences and not those of the dominate white population. This research has found that, though change was often painful for the Kiowa as the United States closed in around them, they successfully adapted to the world in which they found themselves. This was not a new process for them, as they had only acquired the Plains culture sometime in the late 1500s or early 1600s, an event that completely transformed their culture. This shift was even more radical than the one they found themselves faced with in the late 1800s as they were forced to adapt to an American way of life centered on agriculture and commerce.
Open Access
Americanizing the beautiful game : the rise of mainstream American soccer, 1960-2005.
(2017) Salkeld, Patrick H.; Lacher, Katrina; Loughlin, Patricia; Goulding, Marc
This thesis examines the rise of mainstream soccer in the United States from 1960 to 2005 with a national, a regional (Oklahoma), and then a local (Edmond, OK) focus. It argues between 1960 to 2005 conservative-leaning capitalists and politicians redefined mainstream soccer as a commercial investment aimed not to truly popularize the international sport in the United States, but to Americanize it with the mindset of producing capital for them. For example: Alan Rothenberg, a lawyer who conducted the soccer tournament in the 1984 Olympics and coordinated the 1994 World Cup in the United States, established the most recent professional soccer league, Major League Soccer, as a single-entity to promote more revenue earning for the investors. Between 2002 and 2005, MLS considered Edmond, Oklahoma, as a potential new location for an expansion team with a desire to promote soccer in the area and capitalize on the strong youth presence of the sport. Even though the attempt failed, the Oklahoma Regents for Higher Education approved funding to the University of Central Oklahoma for renovations to the school's football field Wantland Stadium, which the school needed for the possible expansion club.
Open Access
An intangible claim : Oklahoma Territory and the Victorian divorce crisis.
(2016) Lynch, Jennifer Denise; Loughlin, Patricia; Janzen, Mark; Vaughn, Heidi
This study focuses on the cultural phenomenon that occurred in the United States known as the Victorian Divorce Crisis, and the communities known as Divorce Mills, which were often blamed for the situation. The divorce mill that developed in Oklahoma Territory's capital city of Guthrie played a role in the spreading panic, as well as encouraging a dialogue about divorce's increased presence and bringing an end to the crisis...The information that I have compiled will hopefully not only prove that Guthrie was an important divorce mill in the Victorian Divorce Crisis narrative, but will also create a conversation about further research on the topic, which remains fairly unearthed.--Excerpt from preface.
Open Access
And the trail continued : nineteenth century federal Indian policies and the Vann family, 1745-1902.
(2013) Heaverin, Charles David; Loughlin, Patricia; Brown, Kenny L.; Kinchen, Shirletta
The Cherokee, similar to other American Indian tribes, struggled with the implications of the growing Anglo population along the eastern seaboard leading up to American independence. The collision of White and Indian resulted in compromise and conflict with only one group emerging victorious in the battle for land and resources. The traditions of American Indians fell victim to the imperialistic drive of Europeans and a new nation called the United States. This thesis follows the Cherokee Vann family as they navigated the Anglo world of commerce, politics, religion, and family. Their response to the encroaching American culture is an exemplar case of Indians and their attempt to acculturate during the early nineteenth century. James, the patriarch Vann family, actively negotiated commerce and power with the Cherokee "young chiefs" and Indian Agent Return Jonathan Meigs. James' actions placed him squarely on the "white man's path," which promised prosperity and peace with the growing population in the southeast. This promise, however, was broken as American greed overwhelmed all Indians, progressive or traditional. The promised benefits of acculturation turned out to be a cruel lie that left American Indians destitute and ultimately without tribe or nation. This thesis begins with the history of the Georgia Vanns (1745-1834), a period of great financial prosperity, political power, and change as James moved the family out of the traditional Cherokee schema and assumed a clear Anglo patriarchy. The research follows the family through the removal crisis of the 1830s and their settlement in Indian Territory. The American Civil War adds another chapter to the rapid deceleration of the family, ultimately concluding with the loss of Cherokee sovereignty through the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 and the Curtis Act of 1898. The empire James Vann built by his death in 1809 crumbled under the weight of an overbearing federal government, anxious to control all the lands held by American Indians.
Open Access
Arthur Gooch : the political, economic, and social influences that led him to the gallows.
(2010) Jones, Leslie Tara; Brown, Kenny L.; Li, Xiaobing, 1954-; Loughlin, Patricia
Born in 1908, Arthur Gooch came of age in the prosperous 1920s, but something changed for him and for America in 1930. The socioeconomic depravity and increased media coverage of crimes in the Thirties affected those who lived through them, and, as President Franklin Roosevelt tried to reestablish economic, social, and political balance, Gooch experienced the ills that the Depression had to offer the citizens of Oklahoma. With dust storms destroying parts of the landscape and bandits ruling other regions, Gooch, and others like him, battled against poverty, unemployment, and desperation. Facing a lack of opportunities and constant hunger, many, such as Gooch, turned to a life of crime. In this time of crisis, President Roosevelt, United States (U.S.) Attorney General Homer Cummings, and Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover skillfully used the environment of the Depression and the people's fear of nationwide lawlessness to develop a powerful federal police force, resulting in the expansion of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). One particular unlawful act that influenced the attitudes of the country's citizens was the 1932 kidnapping and death of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., son of the American aviator and hero of the American people. The event horrified the nation and caused congress to pass multiple crime laws, including the Federal Kidnapping Act, popularly known as the Lindbergh Law. Its passage made kidnapping a federal offense. The prosecution and conviction of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, charged with the abduction of the Lindbergh baby, added to the voracity of the government's plans and to Americans' acceptance of federal involvement in state's matters. During this time of burgeoning crime, Arthur Gooch entered the pages of history by abducting two Texas policemen and transporting them into Oklahoma. With this action, Gooch violated the Federal Kidnapping Act and faced a jury and a judge who had the power to sentence him to death. With the amalgamation of the politics of the 1930s, influenced by President Roosevelt and U.S. Attorney General Cummings, and society's view of lawlessness in the aftermath of the Lindbergh baby's kidnapping and the worsening economy prompted the court to conclude that Arthur Gooch was a menace and deserved the ultimate punishment, death. As a result, Gooch became the first person to face the death penalty under the Lindbergh Law. In the wake of the passage of strict crime legislation, Gooch ascended the steps to the gallows, after receiving word that President Roosevelt had refused to grant him clemency. Socioeconomic depravity, restrictive politics, societal demand for reform, and poor personal judgment converged to spell death for Arthur Gooch on June 19, 1936. Consequently, Gooch's five-year-old son, Billy Joe, was left without a father and grew up hiding his true identity; Gooch's extended family struggled to conceal their relationship to him; and his only lasting legacy is one of missed opportunities and crime.
Open Access
Bonnie Gray, the King Tut cowgirl: pioneering stunts and paving the way for women to stunt double in Western film
(2024) Barnette, Amanda; Loughlin, Patricia, 1971-; Churchill, Lindsey Blake; Panther, Natalie
This thesis focuses on the life and career of Verna Smith, better known as Bonnie Gray, during the Golden Age of Rodeo and her career defining contributions that challenged social norms. The period lasted from the early 1920s to the 1930s and Gray's career spanned the majority of the time when women competed in male dominated events in rodeo like bronc busting and bull dogging. I argue Gray's contributions to the development of stunts and stunt doubling in films created a new space for rodeo women in the early twentieth century. Verna Smith, born in 1891 in Iowa, moved with her family to Kettle Falls, Washington early in her childhood. She received a horse as a child and was a gifted rider. She attended college at the University of Idaho and received a degree before returning to Washington. She began teaching music and later married a doctor. After moving several times with her husband, they settled in Burbank, California, and her transformation as Bonnie Gray began. She eventually appeared under her stage name Bonnie Gray and cultivated stunts that would open up other revenue opportunities. Despite the media attention she garnered and relationships she developed, Gray is only referenced briefly in research in comparison to other rodeo stars of the day like Bonnie McCarroll and Mabel Strickland. This project focuses on the development of Gray as a rodeo star, her career, and the contributions she made to rodeo during the golden age of the sport.
Open Access
Combat, supply, and the influence of logistics during the Civil War in Indian Territory.
(2008) Harris, Jason T.; Adamiak, Stanley; Hurt, Douglas; Pool, Carolyn
The purpose of this study is to broaden the historical knowledge of the war in Indian Territory by looking at the relationship between combat, supply, and logistics and the progression of warfare in the Territory as a result ... . It chronicles the events in the Civil War in Indian Territory from the withdrawal of federal troops in 1861 through the end of hostilities in 1865.
Open Access
Drag in Oklahoma : the power of performance.
(2017) Allen, Stephanie Victoria; Churchill, Lindsey Blake; Lacher, Katrina; Vaughn, Heidi
This thesis examines the drag impersonators of Oklahoma. The purpose of this research project is to discover how drag is a form of social protest in Oklahoma and how Oklahoma drag differs or coincides with drag in America. This project is being done to compile information on social protest of the LGBTQ people from Oklahoma, specifically the drag performers. The research will result in knowledge of the current transgender equality movement effectuated by drag performers in the Oklahoma LGBTQ community. The current study on drag performance focuses on drag as a form of social protest for equality within the LGBTQ community with many historians gathering information on coastal cities within America. This project would take the base of the current knowledge and refocus it on Oklahoma to extend the study of drag in history. I will build on the current historiography that focuses on the activism shown by the larger homosexual dominant cities. By doing my own interviews and examining source material and media, I will extend the study of drag to middle America and reveal the activism of Oklahoma drag and how it relates to the LGBTQ community's marginalization by the state.
Open Access
Education policy and reform in the state of Oklahoma after 1950 and the achievement gaps of underserved student populations
(2024) Nguyen, Meghan Nicole; Loughlin, Patricia, 1971-; Panther, Natalie; Diaz Montejo, Maria
The educational reform brought about by the U.S. federal government and the state of Oklahoma after 1950 perpetuated an already broken system rather than creating the needed change for all minority student populations across socioeconomic divides and ethnicities. While educational reform has been on the political agenda for every president since the 1960's debate between Kennedy and Nixon; the federal government has failed to positively influence student outcomes, specifically for those minorities of color and of the economically disadvantaged. Local, national, and global reports all point to the mediocracy of America's education system despite spending much more than most industrialized countries on education. The state of Oklahoma, a geographic anomaly, has an interesting educational history with progressive reforms and contradictory policies that have harmed minority student populations. It is here in Oklahoma that my research will find what state reform has done to affect minority students in the past 80 years.
Open Access
Elis Gruffydd and Welsh identity in the sixteenth century.
(2018) Riley-Adams, Ann Dobbs; Springer, Michael S.; Janzen, Mark; Macey, J. David; Vaughan, Theresa A., 1966-
In 1552, Welsh soldier and chronicler Elis Gruffydd (c.1490-c.1552) completed a 2500-folio manuscript, which is little known and rarely studied. Its obscurity belies its importance. This document can tell us much about Welsh opposition to Tudor policies in the British Isles, an often-overlooked subject; his experience as Europe transitioned from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern era; and writing as a form of resistance, a subject receiving little scholarly attention prior to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Open Access
English Catholics & anti-Catholicism in the mid-Victorian era : anti-papal or anti-imperialist?.
(2016) Chaple, Alan G.; Sheetz-Nguyen, Jessica A.; Springer, Michael S.; DeBolt, Darian
The primary intent of this research is to evaluate and deduce events, leading up to, during, and after, the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in Great Britain. The culmination of this work questions the perception of how reactionist British Protestants opposed this sudden policy stemming from the Vatican and if such opposition vilified English Catholics, despite their own national distinction. These accounts will also establish both political and public responses against these papal designs and conclude that the traditional Catholic vs. Protestant remained a secondary priority, this British opposition sought to limit and restrict the influence of a foreign institution upon a susceptible minority of the population. This culminated in a mass of public outcries and governmental policies directed against the pope, his Catholic bishops, and institutions in an effort to regulate and contain papal influence. Hence, despite the traditional Protestant arguments, these measures still, to an extent, recognized English Catholics as British subjects and ultimately resulted as an anti-imperialist response to thwart a foreign outlet in the heart of the British Empire. This area of study commences with controversy surrounding the Oxford Movement in the 1840s, the climatic events that occurred in 1850, and ends with circumstances leading up to radical church renovations and demolitions in the following decades. Given the immense public pressure being exerted upon Parliament during the early months of the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy, a considerable number of sources are surrounding policy and public opinion within London. Yet other materials also consider anti-papal reaction directed towards the Oxford Movement. The dichotomy of the newspapers of this mid-Victorian Era include, The Era, The Times, The London Standard, The Morning Chronicle, The Worcester Journal, and others. Primary sources reflect the public statements and correspondence of Prime Minister Lord John Russell, Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, and Archbishop Archibald C. Tait. These particular sources are indicated the British Library and Lambeth Palace Library. The British Library consisted of a majority of correspondence letters, some within manuscripts and other published, sent to and from the prime minister addressing the problem of the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy. A considerable number of published sources from ultra-conservative Protestants is considered. To this effect, the archives within Lambeth Palace and published works within the British Library have contributed a host of rare and unique sources attributing to this research.
Open Access
Finding a home among the red hills : women and homesteading in Western Oklahoma, 1900-1920.
(2016) Chesebrough-Caffee, Cheryl; Loughlin, Patricia; Churchill, Lindsey Blake; Lacher, Katrina
Most Oklahoma land runs took place in the 1890s, but at the turn of the century, many available homesteads still existed in the red, rolling hills of the unpredictable, harsh environment of western Oklahoma. Many of the women who came to the western part of the state originated from families that had already moved West in multiple segments. Utilizing a memoir written by a woman who homesteaded Oklahoma Territory in 1900, this paper looks at the process of settling in, education, medical and public health, and church membership through the eyes of one individual and compares it to the larger changes taking place in Oklahoma. Women are silent in most histories, but their impact was felt across the landscape and can still be seen today through the lessons they taught their children and grandchildren. Lula Morrow and her husband James, left Texas in September 1900 to find a â€œhoney pond and a fritter treeâ€� and they left their imprint on society in the process. Morrow developed autonomy and shared an equal partnership with her husband as they raised their children and found financial success on the farm.
Open Access
Footprints of the missionary: the road of General Conference Mennonites in Oklahoma
(2010) Buller, Kevin R.; Brown, Kenny L.; Osburn, John; Springer, Michael S.
General Conference Mennonites in the United States are prevalent in the states of Pennsylvania on the east coast, and in Kansas on the central plains. The state of Oklahoma too has its share of the denomination as well. These congregations, though not as numerous as in other states, made their mark in the Sooner State. The Mennonite voice in Oklahoma reflected their efforts to provide for those in need as well as to further the faith through missions work. From their arrival to America, to the missions started by Samuel S. Haury and Heinrich Richert Voth, these Mennonites remained steadfast to their faith and continue to reside a strong presence in the state. This thesis displays how important and contributory the General Conference Mennonites are in the state of Oklahoma. By equating the theological adherence to mission work and how it manifested overtime, this history evaluates the extent to which the denomination engaged to help the needy, and in so doing, these Mennonites cemented their place in the state. Their arrival to America and Oklahoma, their work with Indian tribes, church planting, relief efforts, and continuation are expressed in the work.
Open Access
From books on the shelves to boots on the ground : Mao Zedong's revolutionary guerrilla strategy in context, development, and application.
(2013) Smith, Edward N.; Li, Xiaobing, 1954-; Sheetz-Nguyen, Jessica A.; Roberson, Glen
Between 1950 and 1953, the People's Republic of China (PRC) military leaders subscribed to a doctrine that incorporated revolutionary guerrilla warfare as standard operating procedure during the Korean War. Though influenced by a number of long-standing cultural and philosophical traditions, the Chinese Communist Party Central Military Commission (CCP CMC) relied on Mao Zedong's approach to warfare. Indeed, this doctrine guided Chinese military thought and theory for much of the early twentieth century as the Red Army, the guerrillas of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), transitioned into the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the conventional forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Even after the creation of the PRC, the PLA and especially the Chinese People's Volunteer Forces (CPVF) in Korea continued to operate under this doctrine because of the limited industrial and economic development of China. This subscription to Mao military thought, however, did not completely divorce the doctrine of the PRC from traditional approaches to war. Indeed, the revolutionary guerrilla warfare of Mao demonstrated clear continuity with the methods of eras past such as pragmatism, efficiency, and adaptability. The experiences CPVF troops gained from the stalemate of the Korean War demonstrated several implications for the future of the twenty-first century. The Korean War revealed the limited capabilities of revolutionary guerrilla war outside of the country where the cultural-national troops originated. It also demonstrated the military power of the PRC and its ability to halt the advances of industrialized and technologically superior Western forces, signaling the reestablishment of Chinese political and cultural dominance of Asia. Perhaps most important as a "lessons taught" approach to history, the CPVF demonstrated the viability of revolutionary guerrilla warfare as a means for struggling, former colonial states to combat the supposed strengths of Western, industrialized, and modern state military powers.
Open Access
From Judy Chicago to the Guerrilla Girls: an analysis of the evolution of feminist art movement
(2021) Qualls, Linda S.; Churchill, Lindsey Blake; Lacher, Katrina; Huneke, Erik
This thesis examines and analyzes the evolution in feminist art that contributed to and expanded the idea of change through protests and demonstrations in a patriarchal society. The Women's Rights Movement and Feminist Art Movement used many tactics, methodologies, and ideologies that proved successful for the Civil Rights Movement. The second wave of the Feminist Art Movement began in the late 1960s and 1970s. The Movement produced artists like Betye Saar, Faith Ringgold, Judy Chicago, and Miriam Schapiro. The Feminist Art Movement of the 1970s, labeled the second wave, mirrors the concepts of the Feminist Movement's foundation. The Feminist Movement primarily campaigned for gender equality. However, the second wave feminism also concentrated on educated white woman addressing their concerns about sex discrimination. The historic failure to recognize Black female artist is problematic when discussing the Feminist Art Movement as a whole. Faith Ringgold and Betye Saar are included in this thesis to critique the previously established art historical canon and emphasize the importance of Black female artists to the Feminist Art Movement. Collectively, these women frustrated by the male-dominated art world decided to take a stand and fight for equality and recognition through self-identity and self-awareness. In the 1980s and 1990s, a different form of protest emerged in the third wave of the feminist art revolution. Artists groups like The Guerrilla Girls continued to fight for self-awareness and equality. The key concepts of their art focused on political and social issues like abortion, higher pay, and equal opportunity in the workplace for female artists and artists of color. This thesis examines the trajectory of the Feminist Art Movement from the 1970s-present, focusing particularly on the 1970s to 1990s. The 1970s brought an awareness that women's rights needed to expand and women needed to have a choice in their futures. The 1980s and 1990s brought the Movement to a higher level of criticism by adding social and intersectional ideas to their agenda. The mid - late 20th century brought hope that female artists could change the conversation in the fight for equality on issues regarding race, gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation.
Open Access
From milk cans to toilet paper : the story of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw, ?o?dz?, and Krako?w ghettos, 1940-1944.
(2017) Hadley, Jason Michael; Plaks, Jeff; Springer, Michael S.; Olmstead, Justin Quinn
The fate of European Jewry was still unwritten when Adolph Hitler and his Nazi party came into power in January 1933; however, over the course of twelve years he and his followers attempted to eradicate the continent's 9.5 million Jews. Despite the high levels of death and destruction, the Jews did not submit to their oppressors like Hilberg and other scholars had claimed. To resist the Nazis, the Jews often used a pen rather than a gun. By examining the attempts to preserve Jewish history and culture in Poland's Warsaw, ?üo?üdz?ü, and Krako?üw ghettos, I will prove these actions constitute a form of resistance because they were an effort to save Jewish history, values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behavior and circumvent the Nazis efforts to eradicate any trace of Jewish existence. In Warsaw, Emanuel Ringelblum established Oneg Shabbath, the largest underground ghetto archive. He and the highly trained O.S. staff compiled and preserved over 35,000 pages of Jewish history and culture. The members meticulously reviewed everything to ensure accuracy. The collection holds studies, monographs, and testimonies pertaining to every aspect of Jewish life from pre-war to the ghetto experience across Poland. They also gathered information about the Nazis in an effort to provide sources of the barbaric crimes. Along with the preservation, the O.S. served as an outlet to preserve the truth, voice the Jews' concerns and frustrations, and provided the members with hope that their rich and vibrant culture would not disappear. In ?üo?üdz?ü, the staff of the Department of Archives produced the Chronicle of the ?üo?üdz?ü Ghetto, preserved rare books and manuscripts, gathered both German and Jewish documents such as memorandums, orders, official correspondence, proclamations, and photographs, and kept record of every department's activities. The archivists wrote original works on the history of the Ghetto, Yiddish and Hebrew literature, economic issues, questions of culture and religion, ghetto life for children, and detailed biographies on top Jewish officials and other influential ghetto inhabitants. Scholars know of these works thanks to Nachman Zonabend's preservation efforts after the war. In Krako?üw, Gusta Justyna Draenger wrote a detailed account of the Z?çOB's various courageous, creative, and audacious forms of resistance during the final months of the Ghetto while in prison. In addition to that work, she was an editor and writer for the group's clandestine publications in which she called on her fellow Jews to resist the Nazis. The efforts and sacrifices of theses Jews not only produced the foundation for the study of Jewish resistance to the Nazis, they also preserved their history for future generations. In doing so, they provided future scholars with a unique look inside the lives of the courageous people who prevented Hitler's Final Solution from succeeding.
Open Access
Funding the Cold War University: science, curriculum reform, and soft power in US research universities, 1940s-1960s
(2022) Holley-Griffith, Bethany; Magnusson, Andrew; Churchill, Lindsey Blake; Adamiak, Stanley