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\begin{document}
\title{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont PULSE COMPRESSION WAVEFORMS AND APPLICATIONS FOR WEATHER RADAR}
\author{JAMES MICHAEL KURDZO}
\depositdate{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 2015}
\majorfield{SCHOOL OF METEOROLOGY}
\memberone{Dr. Robert Palmer, Chair}
\membertwo{Dr. Boon Leng Cheong}
\memberthree{Dr. Howard Bluestein}
%next two members are used in dissertation
\memberfour{Dr. Guifu Zhang}
\memberfive{Dr. Joseph Havlicek}
%%%%
\begin{preface}
\prefacesectionX{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont \textnormal{Dedication}}
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
For my family: Emily, Jim, Kathy, Tim, Susan, Gerry, Scott, and Nathan.


\prefacesection{Acknowledgements}

I would like to thank my advisors, Dr. Robert Palmer and Dr. Boon Leng Cheong.  Their leadership, mentorship, and professionalism have molded me into a capable and articulate scientist.  Dr. Palmer, who also served as my M.S. advisor, has been my guide through the entirety of graduate school.  He has pushed me to my limits to achieve more than I ever thought possible, and has afforded me as many opportunities as a graduate student could possibly ask for.  Dr. Palmer was the number one supporter of my foray into electrical engineering, an opportunity that would not have been possible in this capacity anywhere else.  Dr. Cheong has served as an exemplary role model and has provided me a vision for the type of career that I want to someday achieve.  His knowledge, skills, and approachability have guided my progress on this degree.  Both Dr. Palmer and Dr. Cheong pushed me when it was appropriate, and picked me up when I needed it the most.  I would never have gotten to where I am now without the help of these advisors.

I am grateful to my doctoral committee members, Dr. Howard Bluestein, Dr. Guifu Zhang, and Dr. Joseph Havlicek.  Dr. Bluestein has provided invaluable guidance on field projects, radar operations, and my sometimes irresponsible speculation regarding tornado theories.  Dr. Zhang was instrumental to the original development of our pulse compression techniques and provided thoughtful discussions on comparing our methodologies with other techniques.  Dr. Havlicek was my first professor in electrical engineering courses, and was a remarkably accepting and understanding guide through a new and, at times, frightening world of mathematics.  All off these members provided guidance and support in the best times and the worst.

I am indebted to numerous ARRC, SoM, and ECE faculty, staff, and students.  Redmond Kelley, John Meier, and Matt McCord have become very close friends of mine, while also serving as some of the most helpful go-to mentors I have had in my time at OU.  Redmond, John, and Matt have provided incredible support with the AIR, PX-1000, and other platforms that were instrumental to my research.  They also supported me mentally, as friends, when I needed it the most.  Dr. Caleb Fulton, Dr. Tian Yu, and Dr. Alan Shapiro were some of the most important role models that I looked up to at OU.  Dr. Fulton reminded me of myself and who I want to be as a professional.  Dr. Yu was my interdisciplinary companion who always supported my stretch into electrical engineering.  Dr. Shapiro was the most consistent and supportive leader that I had in SoM, and was someone I turned to often in times of need.  The ARRC/SoM staff, Jo Ann Mehl, Krysta Bruehl, Lauren White, Kayla Cervi, Kacie Shoemaker, Celia Jones, Nancy Campbell, and Christie Upchurch made my life so much easier than it could have been.  Jo Ann and Celia, specifically, were my graduate school ``mothers,'' and bailed me out of trouble numerous times.  I am forever grateful to the ARRC and SoM for this assistance and support.

This degree would have been much more difficult without the support of my friends and colleagues in the ARRC, SoM, and ECE.  My officemates David Bodine and Feng Nai are two of the most intelligent, hard-working scientists/engineers I have ever had the pleasure to work with.  I can not begin to describe the discussions, help, and support provided by these two and what it means to me.  I will never forget the friendships forged between us and the support they provided.  A number of current and past ARRC and SoM students and scientists provided important discussions that helped me shape my dissertation, and in some cases, my career goals.  These helpful people include, but are not limited to, Zach Dunn, Matt Kumjian, Fanxing Kong, Tim Bonin, Vivek Mahale, Bryan Putnam, Derek Stratman, Jen Newman, Blake Allen, Phil Stepanian, Dan Thompson, Andrew Byrd, Andrew Mahre, Javier Lujan, Jon Christian, Blake James, Qing Cao, Lei Lei, Brad Isom, Blake McGuire, Ariel Cohen, Nick Gasperoni, David Gagne, Eric Jacobson, Kyle Thiem, Zach Weinhoff, and Yadong Wang.  Additionally, I owe a lifetime of thanks to my undergraduate advisors at Millersville University, Dr. Richard Clark and Dr. Sepi Yalda.  The support and encouragement provided to me by my Millersville professors has been empowering throughout my academic career.

I am grateful to my family for their support and understanding as I spent year after year in school.  My parents, Jim and Kathy, never wavered in their support as I pursued my dreams.  They were the ones I could talk to every step of the way.  Finally, I am in awe of the unfathomable support, encouragement, and love given to me day after day for over a decade by my wonderful wife Emily.  It is difficult to put what Emily has meant to me and this process into words.  She has been my number one supporter every minute of every day.  She picked me up when I was down, brought me back to earth when I needed it, and pushed me constantly to overcome my fears and anxiety.  I can not state clearly enough that this degree would have been impossible without my wife by my side.  Emily, you are my ultimate role model, the love of my life, and my hero.  Thank you so much.


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\tableofcontents
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\prefacesection{Abstract}

\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont The progression of phased array weather observations, research, and planning over the past decade has led to significant advances in development efforts for future weather radar technologies.  However, numerous challenges still remain for large-scale deployment.  The eventual goal for phased array weather radar technology includes the use of active arrays, where each element would have its own transmit/receive module.  This would lead to significant advantages, however, such a design must be capable of utilizing low-power, solid-state transmitters at each element in order to keep costs down.  In order to provide acceptable sensitivity, as well as the range resolution needed for weather observations, pulse compression strategies are required.  A robust optimization technique for pulse compression waveforms with minimalistic windowing using a genetic algorithm is presented.  A continuous nonlinear frequency modulated waveform which takes into account transmitter distortion is shown, both in theory and in practical use.  Measured pulses and weather observations from the Advanced Radar Research Center's dual-polarized \mbox{PX-1000} transportable radar, which utilizes dual 100-W solid-state transmitters, are presented.  Development of waveform groups for increased isolation is presented as a proxy for multi-sector array design and spectral savings, and waveforms for convective storm observations and clear air observations during the PECAN project are discussed.  A detailed analysis of the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma tornado is presented as an example of research-grade quality pulse compression weather data, including the characterization of rear flank gust front surges co-located with debris ejections.  A failed occlusion hypothesis is discussed as a possible reason for a looping pattern at the Moore Medical Center.  Numerous examples from the Atmospheric Imaging Radar (AIR) convective field program are also presented as examples of pulse compression capabilities.  With a 20-deg vertical fan beam, the AIR is capable of volumetrically scanning a storm of interest in under 10 seconds at 1-deg by 1-deg by 30-m spatial resolution, but requires pulse compression for adequate sensitivity due to the wide transmit beam.  This technique is used to analyze the tilting characteristics of two major spring 2015 tornadoes as well as other cases since 2012.

\end{preface}

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\chapter{Waveform Design Techniques}
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\chapter{Applications of Waveforms for Weather Observations}
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\chapter{Conclusions and Future Work}
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