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                \chapter*{Appendix C : List of Low-Level Jets Observed During LABLE-I}
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\begin{document}
\title{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER AND LOW-LEVEL JET CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT TURBULENCE REGIMES}
\author{TIMOTHY ANDREW BONIN}
\depositdate{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 2015}
\majorfield{SCHOOL OF METEOROLOGY}
\memberone{Dr. Petra Klein, Co-Chair}
\membertwo{Dr. Phillip Chilson, Co-Chair}
\memberthree{Dr. Alan Shapiro}
%next two members are used in dissertation
\memberfour{Dr. David Turner}
\memberfive{Dr. David Miller}
%%%%
\begin{preface}
\prefacesectionX{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont \textnormal{Dedication}}
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
To my family for always encouraging and supporting me, and to my friends for always raising my spirits.


\prefacesection{Acknowledgements}

\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 

Firstly, I would like to thank both of my co-advisors, Dr. Petra Klein and Dr. Phillip Chilson, for all of their guidance, support, and giving me the opportunity to work on this project and to make it my own.  They have encouraged me to pursue my own research interests and allowed a lot of freedom in deciding my dissertation topic.  Their advice, in numerous aspects, has helped me become a better and more knowledgeable scientist, for which I am very grateful.  

 I would also like to thank all the members of my committee, Dr. David Miller, Dr. Alan Shapiro, and Dr. David Turner, for their valuable time and input which have greatly improved the quality of this dissertation.  Discussions with each of them, and Dr. Evgeni Fedorovich, have greatly increased my knowledge on a variety of subjects making me a more well-rounded researcher.

 I am grateful to the many fellow graduate students and friends with whom I've had numerous discussions.  They have also lifted my spirits in tough times.

 I am especially thankful for my family for always loving, supporting, and encouraging me to follow my dreams and passion, even when that took me far away from home.

 Finally, I am especially grateful for Jennifer Newman for everything she has done for me.
%must leave a blank line next to avoid bug:


\tableofcontents
\listoftables
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\prefacesection{Abstract}

\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont The intensity, extent, and continuity of turbulence in the nocturnal stable boundary layer (SBL) is governed by many interacting processes and features.  Generally, SBLs can be grouped into two broad categories: weakly stable and very stable.  While the weakly SBL is relatively well understood and can be described by Monin-Obukhov similarity theory or other local scaling laws, the very SBL is difficult to characterize and parameterize.  It is also difficult to predict which type of SBL will form nocturnally as differentiating characteristics of the two regimes are not well-known.  Furthermore, nocturnal low-level jets (LLJs) often form around sunset, particularly in the Great Plains region of the United States, and generally interact with the nocturnal SBL.  These relationships between LLJs and the SBL are currently not well-understood.

To characterize turbulence within the SBL, vertical velocity variances estimated from Doppler lidar (DL) observations are used, which first need to be validated. To accomplish this, DL-derived values of vertical velocity variance are directly compared with those from sonic anemometer observations installed on a 300-m tower during the Lower Atmospheric Thermodynamics and Turbulence Experiment (LATTE), which was conducted in February--April 2014 at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory . An autocovariance method of removing noise from the DL observations is used, which is shown to improve measurements of vertical velocity variance. In addition to removing noise, this method can also correct for underestimates of variance due to time and volume averaging of the DL.  Generally, the DL-derived variance values tend to agree closely with those from the sonic anemometers after the autocovariance correction is applied.
 
To investigate the SBL in detail, Doppler lidar, sonic anemometer, Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), and radiosonde measurements that were collected during the Lower Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (LABLE-I) are analyzed. LABLE-I was a multi-institutional field campaign that took place from 18 September to 13 November 2012 at the Southern Great Plains site in north central Oklahoma.  During the experiment, LLJs were frequently observed and interacted with both weakly and very stable SBLs.  Within the weakly stable boundary layer, turbulence tended to be generated at the surface and transported upward, and no strong surface-based inversion formed overnight.  When a strongly stable boundary layer formed, mixing was either generated near a LLJ or at the surface and remained very weak overnight.  On these nights, a strong surface based inversion formed and slowly grew throughout the night.  

LLJs also evolved differently depending on if a weakly or strongly SBL formed.  With a strongly SBL, LLJs tended to increase in both strength and height overnight, often corresponding to a gradual increase in synoptic-scale forcing.  LLJs that occurred with a weakly SBL generally remained constant in height overnight, and reached a peak in strength around midnight.  These LLJs often had approximately constant large-scale forcing overnight, thus their evolution more closely resembled what is expected by an inertial oscillation.



\end{preface}

 {
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
%\chapter{Introduction}
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\chapter{Introduction}
\label{sect:intro}
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\chapter{The Accuracy and Improvement of Vertical Velocity Variance Measurements from Doppler Lidars}
\label{sect:VAR}
\input{Variance}
\chapter{Turbulence and Thermal Characteristics of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer with Southerly Winds}
\label{sect:TURB}
\input{Turbulence_NBL}
\chapter{Different Characteristics and Evolution of Turbulent and non-Turbulent Southerly Low Level Jets}
\label{sect:LLJ_CHAR_TYPES}
\input{LLJ_CHAR_TYPES}
\chapter{Summary and Conclusions}
\label{sect:CONCL}
\input{Conclusions}



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