\documentclass[letter,12pt,dissertation]{OUdissertation}
\usepackage{graphicx, subfigure} %allows .eps and .epsi graphics to be inserted
\usepackage{epic} %allows use of latex graphics
\usepackage{eepic} %allows use of latex graphics
\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage[amssymb]{SIunits}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{psfrag}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{bar}
\usepackage[centerfoot]{pageno}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{moreverb}
\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{mathptmx} % - sets \rmdefault to 'ptm', i.e. times
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{textgreek}
\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage[combine,document]{ucs}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenx}
\usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc} 
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{lscape}
%\setlength{\footskip}{0.365in}
\usepackage{sectsty}
%\usepackage{apacite}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\usepackage{changepage}
\usepackage{loacronym}



%\flushbottom
\usepackage[letterpaper,left=1.6in,right=1in,top=0.8in,bottom=1in,footskip=.5in]{geometry}
% \small is 11pt if the base font is 12pt
%\renewcommand\bibliographytypesize{\large}

%\usepackage{type1cm}

%\renewcommand\normalsize{%
%   \@setfontsize\normalsize{10.5pt}{12pt}
%}




\sectionfont{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont}
\subsectionfont{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont}
\subsubsectionfont{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont}
\paragraphfont{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont}


%\makeatletter
%\patchcmd{\@makechapterhead}{\vspace*{50\p@}}{}{}{}% Removes space above \chapter head
%\patchcmd{\@makeschapterhead}{\vspace*{50\p@}}{}{}{}% Removes space above \chapter* head
%\makeatother


\makeatletter
\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
\vspace*{-10pt}%
  %%%%\vspace*{50\p@}% %%% removed!
  {\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
    \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
        \huge\bfseries \@chapapp\space \thechapter
        \par\nobreak
        \vskip 20\p@
    \fi
    \interlinepenalty\@M
    \Huge \bfseries #1\par\nobreak
    \vskip 40\p@
  }}
\def\@makeschapterhead#1{%
  %%%%%\vspace*{50\p@}% %%% removed!
  {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
    \normalfont
    \interlinepenalty\@M
    \Huge \bfseries  #1\par\nobreak
    \vskip 40\p@
  }}
\makeatother



\let\autoref\ref

\usepackage{natbib} %with amermeteorsoc.bst
\newcommand{\bibfont}{\fontsize{12.5bp}{16bp}\selectfont}
\bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{,}

\newcommand{\be}{\begin{equation}} %these definitions save typing
\newcommand{\ee}{\end{equation}}
\newcommand{\bea}{\begin{eqnarray}}
\newcommand{\eea}{\end{eqnarray}}
\newcommand{\pd}[2]{\frac{\partial#1}{\partial#2}}
\newcommand{\pdd}[3]{\frac{\partial^{2}#1}{\partial#2 \partial#3}}
\newcommand{\bse}{\begin{subequations}}
\newcommand{\ese}{\end{subequations}}
\def\bal#1\eal{\begin{align}#1\end{align}}%allows for shortcut to align
%\newcommand{\bibfont}{\large}



\begin{document}


\title{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont OPTIMIZING LIDAR SCANNING STRATEGIES FOR WIND ENERGY TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS}
\author{JENNIFER FRANCES NEWMAN}
\depositdate{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 2015}
\majorfield{SCHOOL OF METEOROLOGY}
\memberone{Dr. Petra Klein, Chair}
\membertwo{Dr. Sonia Wharton}
\memberthree{Dr. Evgeni Fedorovich}
%next two members are used in dissertation
\memberfour{Dr. Mark Morrissey}
\memberfive{Dr. David Parsons}
\membersix{Dr. Scott Greene}

%%%%
\begin{preface}
\prefacesectionX{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont  \textnormal{Dedication}}
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
To my family and friends, for their unending love and support

\prefacesection{Acknowledgements}

\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 

\sloppy I would first and foremost like to thank my amazing advisors, Petra Klein and Sonia Wharton, for their patience, mentorship, and dedication throughout my dissertation research process. I have learned a huge amount from our weekly meetings, field campaigns, and the many, many paper revisions we have undergone, and will yet to undergo. Thank you for teaching me how to be a better scientist and a better writer. Thank you also to my committee for their excellent suggestions for my dissertation.

My dissertation research was made possible by a subcontract with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory through LDRD 12-ERD-069, and I am extremely grateful for their support.  I am also grateful to the many researchers I have met at conferences and corresponded with via e-mail or phone for sharing their expertise and answering my questions. Thank you to the staff of the Southern Great Plains ARM site, Rob Newsom from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Tim Lim from NCAR, Andreas Muschinski and Lucas Root from NorthWest Research Associates, Shiril Tichkule from the University of Colorado at Boulder, Marc Fischer and Sebastien Biraud from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the members of the Boundary Layer Remote Sensing and Simulation group at OU, and the technical support staff at Sgurr Energy, Campbell Scientific, Leosphere, and Halo Photonics for their assistance during our field campaigns.

Thank you to the faculty and staff of the School of Meteorology for making my graduate school experience so enjoyable (as enjoyable as graduate school can be, at any rate). I am deeply grateful to my graduate school friends, many of whom I've known since I started my M.S. degree, for being great peers and confidantes. This has been a difficult experience, and I am amazed at how much we have grown in the process. Thank you to my OKC Improv family for always providing support, laughs, and a home away from home in Oklahoma City. 

Thank you to my amazing family, who have always supported my endeavors, whether I'm performing in a preschool dance recital or moving to Oklahoma for six years to pursue a graduate degree. Thank you for encouraging me to follow my dreams and for being unparalleled role models throughout my life.

Finally, thank you to Tim for your love and support. Thanks for being such a great companion through all this and for alternating your dissertation meltdowns with mine to maintain general sanity.  

%must leave a blank line next to avoid bug:

\tableofcontents
\listoftables
\listoffigures
\prefacesection{Abstract}

\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont Turbulence has a significant effect on wind farm power production and turbine reliability. Since remote sensing devices, such as lidars, are commonly used in wind energy studies, the accurate measurement of turbulence with lidars is an important research goal in the wind energy industry. However, several factors cause lidars to measure different values of turbulence than a sonic anemometer on a tower, including the use of a scanning circle with a diameter of $\sim$100 m to estimate the three-dimensional wind field and the velocity variance contamination that can occur when a traditional Doppler-beam swinging (DBS) or velocity-azimuth display (VAD) strategy is used. In this work, several techniques for obtaining more accurate turbulence information from lidars were investigated.

One way to avoid the use of a scanning circle is to deploy multiple scanning lidars and point them toward the same volume in space to collect velocity measurements. If the lidar scans are synchronized, measurements from multiple lidars can be used to extract turbulence information. To test the ability of multi-lidar scanning strategies to measure mean wind speeds and turbulence, a lidar experiment was conducted in summer 2013 at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site. Two scanning strategies were tested -- the tri-Doppler technique, where three scanning lidars were pointed to approximately the same point in space, and the virtual tower technique, where the lidars were pointed at several different locations above the ground. 

Another field campaign was conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Colorado to evaluate the ability of a new six-beam lidar scanning technique, which was designed to mitigate variance contamination, as well as the DBS and VAD techniques, to measure turbulence under different atmospheric stability conditions. Measurements from two vertically profiling lidars indicated that the choice of scanning angle has significant impacts on the measurement of the horizontal variance components. Large elevation angles increase the contribution of vertical velocity to radial wind speed measurements, which can increase the \emph{u} and \emph{v} variance if the vertical velocity field is not uniform across the lidar scanning circle.

Based on results from the two lidar campaigns, the vertical component of turbulence can be measured accurately by using a vertically pointed lidar beam position, but the horizontal components of lidar-measured turbulence are often inaccurate under unstable conditions as a result of variance contamination and horizontal heterogeneity across the lidar scanning circle. To improve lidar variance estimates under unstable conditions, two correction techniques were developed and tested on data from the field campaigns. Similarity theory was used to estimate the approximate ratio of the horizontal variance components to the vertical variance as a function of stability, which can then be used to calculate new values of the horizontal variance components, if an accurate measure of vertical variance has been obtained. Taylor's frozen turbulence hypothesis was used to estimate changes in the vertical velocity field across the lidar scanning circle, such that the contribution of vertical velocity to the horizontal velocity components could be taken into account. Both techniques reduced lidar variance estimates significantly and brought the estimates closer to variance estimated by sonic anemometers. 


\end{preface}


 {
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
\chapter{Introduction}
\label{intro}
\input{intro} 


\chapter{Background}
\label{background}
\input{background}

\chapter{Field experiments}
\label{field_sites}
\input{field_sites}

\chapter{Data processing methods}
\label{data_processing}
\input{data_processing}

\chapter{Multi-lidar techniques}
\label{multi_lidar}
\input{multi_lidar}

\chapter{Single-lidar techniques}
\label{single_lidar}
\input{single_lidar}

\chapter{Variance correction techniques}
\label{correction_techniques}
\input{correction_techniques}



\chapter{Summary and conclusions}
\label{discussion}
\input{discussion}


%\references{agsm}{myreferences}
}

\references{amermeteorsoc}{bibliography/refs}


%comment out the next four lines if you don't have an appendix
\appendix

\makeatletter
\def\@makechapterhead#1{%
\vspace*{-10pt}%
  %%%%\vspace*{50\p@}% %%% removed!
  {\parindent \z@ \raggedright \normalfont
    \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
        \huge\bfseries 
        \par\nobreak
        \vskip 20\p@
    \fi
    \interlinepenalty\@M
    \Huge \bfseries #1\par\nobreak
    \vskip 40\p@
  }}
\def\@makeschapterhead#1{%
  %%%%%\vspace*{50\p@}% %%% removed!
  {\parindent \z@ \raggedright
    \normalfont
    \interlinepenalty\@M
    \Huge \bfseries  #1\par\nobreak
    \vskip 40\p@
  }}
\makeatother

 

\chapter{Appendix A: List of Acronyms}

\input{acronyms}



\chapter{Appendix B: Weather Conditions During LATTE}

{
\fontsize{13bp}{10bp}\selectfont
%\begin{landscape}
\begin{longtable}{|p{2cm}|p{12cm}|}
\hline

\textbf{Date} &  \textbf{Weather} \\ \hline
2/14/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/15/2014	&	Fairly strong southwesterly winds in morning, shifting to northeasterly winds in the afternoon with cold frontal passage. 	\\ \hline
2/16/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/17/2014	&	Cold frontal passage in early morning hours and strong westerly winds in morning. 	\\ \hline
2/18/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/19/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/20/2014	&	Strong westerly winds in afternoon. Some light snow around 0400 UTC with overnight cloudiness and cold frontal passage.	\\ \hline
2/21/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/22/2014	&	Clear skies most of day with some cloudiness in late afternoon/evening associated with cold frontal passage. 	\\ \hline
2/23/2014	&	Weak variable winds, snow between 0300 and 0600 UTC.  	\\ \hline
2/24/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/25/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/26/2014	&	Snow from 0200 to 0500 UTC followed by clear skies all day.	\\ \hline
2/27/2014	&		\\ \hline
2/28/2014	&	Cold frontal passage in late afternoon. 	\\ \hline
3/1/2014	&	Fog until 1200 UTC, snow and low clouds most of day 	\\ \hline
3/2/2014	&	Low clouds and some intermittent snow until 1700 UTC, followed by mostly clear skies. Warm frontal passage in afternoon. 	\\ \hline
3/3/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/4/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/5/2014	&	Low clouds and snow between 0300 and 0900 UTC, clear skies all day afterward. 	\\ \hline
3/6/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/7/2014	&	Low clouds and snow after 1400 UTC. Cold frontal passage in afternoon. 	\\ \hline
3/8/2014	&	Snow until 0400 UTC, clouds lift and clear out after 1200 UTC.	\\ \hline
3/9/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/10/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/11/2014	&	High clouds move in around 1200 UTC, snow starts at 1700 UTC. Cold frontal passage in early morning hours. 	\\ \hline
3/12/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/13/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/14/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/15/2014	&	Cold front moves through around 1700 UTC.	\\ \hline
3/16/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/17/2014	&	Cold frontal passage in late afternoon. 	\\ \hline
3/18/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/19/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/20/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/21/2014	&	Cold frontal passage around 1200 UTC. 	\\ \hline
3/22/2014	&	Cold frontal passage around 0600 UTC. Some snow during late afternoon. 	\\ \hline
3/23/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/24/2014	&	Cold frontal passage around 0400 UTC.	\\ \hline
3/25/2014	&		\\ \hline
3/26/2014	&	Scattered light showers in area between 2000 and 2200 UTC causing periods of gusty/shifting winds.	\\ \hline
\caption{Summary of weather conditions during LATTE.}
\label{tab:LATTE_wx}
\end{longtable}
%\end{landscape}
}
\end{document}