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\title{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont SOUTHEAST U.S. COLD SEASON SEVERE THUNDERSTORM ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR DEPICTIONS USING MULTIPLE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES}
\author{ARIEL ELMAR COHEN}
\depositdate{\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 2015}
\majorfield{SCHOOL OF METEOROLOGY}
\memberone{Dr. Steven Cavallo, Chair}
\membertwo{Dr. Harold Brooks, Co-Chair}
\memberthree{Dr. Frederick Carr}
%next two members are used in dissertation
\memberfour{Dr. Kevin Kloesel}
\memberfive{Dr. Scott Greene}








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\begin{preface}
\prefacesectionX{Dedication}


\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Joel Barry Cohen, who has been my constant source of support and encouragement for me to pursue all of my academic and career dreams; to my mother, Hallie Bernice Cohen, whose liveliness and sociability have become well instilled within my personality; and to my sister, Ariana Allegra Cohen, for whom I am proud to call myself big brother.  My family is my world.

\prefacesection{Acknowledgments}

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\sloppy As I finish over a decade of being a college student, I reflect on absolutely irreplaceable, deep relationships I have made with students, professors, researchers, and operational meteorologists along my path through school.  I am so grateful to have shared tremendous life experiences with a great number of people.  These life experiences are what enrich the educational process and professional work.  So many people have had an immeasurable influence on my life, permitting me to reach the goals that I have worked so hard to accomplish to this day.  It would be impossible to list them all here, but all of the people with whom I have shared life over the years have ultimately contributed to the path that brought me to where I am today.  Subsequently provided names in this Acknowledgments section are not listed in any particular order.

Firstly, I want to acknowledge my Ph.D. committee: Steven Cavallo, Harold Brooks, Frederick Carr, Kevin Kloesel, and Scott Greene.  I am incredibly fortunate to have had a committee dedicated to providing encouragement for me to develop as a scientist, a writer, and a speaker.  Their awareness of my strengths and weaknesses, and the care that they expressed in terms of positively building upon those elements, have definitively made me into a better meteorologist, from both research and operational perspectives.  The challenging questions that they posed, their balanced encouragement, and their oversight helped me in accomplishing my dreams of performing and presenting meaningful research.

Going back in time, Steve and Sarah Corfidi, along with Mike Coniglio, took me on as their Research Experiences for Undergraduates student at the Storm Prediction Center and the National Severe Storms Laboratory when I was only 19 years old, and have remained loyal mentors ever since.  Mike has provided considerable time working with me and assisting me with a multitude of dimensions of my research throughout my academic career, allowing me to be able to achieve what I have to this day.  Steve and Sarah Corfidi have become what are known as my "adopted parents," and have taught me so much about forecasting.  I also recognize Patrick Marsh who has become not only a true friend and emotional support over the years, but also a mentor.  His assistance in teaching me computer programming opened doors for me to complete research independently.  Likewise, Ryan Sobash dedicated substantial time to helping me learn to use the WRF, teaching me various aspects of modeling, which served as a springboard for me to independently investigate my research area from a modeling perspective.

Throughout my time in school, including my time working at the National Weather Service offices in Tulsa, Oklahoma; Great Falls, Montana; and Jackson, Mississippi; and at the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida and the Storm Prediction Center in Norman, Oklahoma, I have made some amazing friends, many of whom have become family to me.  All of them have shared wonderful life experiences with me, making life so much more enjoyable.  Barbara Armitage, Carol Landis, and Mark Maley, who are some of my former high school teachers, and Jeff Rogers and Jay Hobgood, who are two of my former undergraduate professors, have become positive influences on me over the years.  From early in my time at The Ohio State University, Andrew Annunzio has been a loyal friend who has stuck with me since the beginning of college.  Kim Klockow, Angelyn Kolodjiez, Chris Schwartz, Alan and Lisa Gerard, Jared Guyer, Joanne Culin, Daniel Lamb, Derek Stratman, Jennifer Newman, Tim Bonin, Chris Birchfield, Carly Kovacik, Kristen Cassady, Landon Klein, Eric Jacobsen, John Banghoff, Matt Flournoy, Matt Campbell, Brandon Centeno, Andrew Dzambo, Gladys Rubio, Jessica Schauer, Eric Christensen, Steve Piltz, Christopher Juckins, Hugh Cobb, Jaret Rogers, Chantelli Fulst, Jeremy Bower, Tina Stall, Michael Mercer, Dan Brown, Jared Allen, Megan VanDenHeuvel, Bryan Smith, and I all met at various points around my time in college, and all have become solid friends through the years.  Steve Amburn, retired Science and Operations Officer at the National Weather Service in Tulsa, has been a dedicated mentor and friend of mine since I was 13 years old growing up in Worthington, Ohio, and effectively opened the door to my career as a meteorologist.  Rich Thompson, from the Storm Prediction Center, has effectively become a big brother to me during my time in Norman, successfully challenging me to become a better meteorologist and get in better physical shape, and has invested substantial care into being there for me.  Many others at the Storm Prediction Center have provided meaningful support over the years, including Russ Schneider, Greg Carbin, John Hart, Steve Goss, Corey Mead, Jeremy Grams, Roger Edwards, Greg Dial, Jeff Peters, Ashton Robinson Cook, Joey Picca, and James Correia Jr., along with David Imy and many others.  Israel Jirak has especially demonstrated tremendous care and patience in providing meaningful feedback with respect to my work.  The tremendous care and attention that Steve Weiss has provided me over many years have been a huge part of my personal and professional growth.  Bill Bunting has dedicated honest and deep professional and personal encouragement that have truly positively influenced my growth over the years.

Finally, I want to thank my family, whose love is unending.  My dad, Joel Cohen; my mom, Hallie Cohen; and my sister, Ariana Cohen have been my support since the very beginning; along with my grandparents who have all passed \\away -- Norman and Lilly Cohen and Alexander and Ethel Horowitz.  My professional abilities are a direct reflection of my dad's persistent dedication to strengthening my academic development through the decades.  In recent years, I have been incredibly fortunate to know Lee Carlaw, who has become family.  The life experiences that Lee and I shared as graduate students in Norman -- from lifting weights to stadium sprints to school activities to being there for each other no matter what day after day -- have shaped me personally, physically, and professionally.  I am proud to call Lee not only my best friend, but also my brother.  I can honestly say that graduate school, to me, is not only school and work, but it is life.  I am honored to have lived it, and the relationships that flourished during this time are permanent.


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\prefacesection{Abstract}

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The primary motivations of this dissertation are to identify meteorological characteristics of the southeastern United States cold season tornado environment and to improve numerical modeling of such environments focused on the parameterization of the planetary boundary layer (PBL).  This environment is particularly challenging for forecasters owing to the inherent marginality of one of the necessary conditions supporting thunderstorms: instability.  Throughout the first portions of this work, both thermodynamic and kinematic parameters characteristic of the near-storm environment for southeast U.S. cold season tornadoes are found to be different relative to other environments.  Numerous thermodynamic and kinematic parameters are found to be statistically significant in this regime, with relatively limited buoyancy and offsetting strong vertical wind shear.  As such, this regime is sensitive to small variations in the assessment of buoyancy, of which a relatively greater proportion is concentrated in the low levels compared to other regimes.  These findings, along with distinguishable behaviors of kinematic and thermodynamic parameters throughout the daytime heating and nighttime cooling cycles, motivate the need for more thorough investigation of PBL parameterization schemes in this particular regime.

This work then proceeds with a discussion of PBL parameterization schemes and a focused investigation of the performance of nine different PBL schemes in the Southeast cold season severe weather environment by comparing simulated thermodynamic and kinematic profiles to observationally influenced ones.  It is demonstrated that simultaneous representation of both nonlocal and local mixing is most appropriate for the southeast U.S. cold season tornado regime.  For storm-relative helicity, strictly nonlocal schemes provide the greatest overall differences from observations (underforecast) in a mean sense.  Meanwhile, strictly local schemes yield the most extreme differences from observations (underforecast) in a mean sense for low-level lapse rate and depth of the PBL.  A hybrid local/nonlocal scheme is found to mitigate these mean difference extremes, while often minimizing conditional bias inherent to strictly local and nonlocal schemes.
\end{preface}


{
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
\chapter{Introduction}
\label{AE_COHEN_CH1}
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{
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\chapter{The Southeast United States Cold Season Tornado Environment}
\label{AE_COHEN_CH2}
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}

{
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
\chapter{Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes}
\label{AE_COHEN_CH3}
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}

{
\fontsize{13bp}{18bp}\selectfont 
\chapter{Application of Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes to Southeast United States Cold Season Tornado Environments}
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\input{AE_COHEN_CH4} 

}


{
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\chapter{Final Remarks and Future Work}
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\nocite{SPC++2015a,SPC++2015b,NCAR++2015,Glickman++2000,NOAANCDC++2014a,NOAANCDC++2014b,NCAR++2014,Iacono++2008,Skamarock++2008,Cohen++2015,Janjic++1990,Janjic++1994,Sukoriansky++2005,Hong++1996,Hong++2006}

\newpage
\references{ametsoc2014}{AE_COHEN_REFS}


\end{document}