Barker, PeterMahdavi, Younes2021-08-032021-08-032021-08-05https://hdl.handle.net/11244/330196This dissertation offers the first account of a scientific tradition in theoretical astronomy (ʿilm al-hayʾa) initiated by Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-ʿĀmilī (1547-1621), a polymath and a chief jurisconsult in the Safavid monarchy (1501-1722) in Persia. ʿĀmilī’s campaign to acquire royal patronage, depended on multiple rededications of an introductory work on astronomy, The Dissection of the Orbs (Tashrīḥ al-aflāk), composed before 1576. The last shah to receive this dedication was ʿAbbās I (r. 1588-1629), who raised ʿĀmilī to the position of chief jurisconsult for the Safavid empire in 1001/1592-3. ʿĀmilī’s new position at the imperial court enabled him to legitimize astral sciences among the Safavids, for example, in The Crescent Garden (al-Ḥadīqa al-hilāliyya) completed in 1595. He also completed an extensive Gloss on the Dissection and began to train students in astronomy before 1599. The active research tradition in ʿilm al-hayʾa founded by ʿĀmilī was continued by his disciples and subsequent scholars in Persia and Mughal India in commentaries that make use of the Gloss and the Dissection. ʿĀmilī and his commentators continued the scientific tradition of Marāgha and Samarqand. They differed from earlier scholars in accepting the work of another Safavid scholar, Shams al-Dīn Khafrī (d. after 1525), as the solution to the canonical list of problems in Ptolemaic astronomy, although there is evidence that ʿĀmilī proposed new models for the problematic cases of Mercury and the Moon. Original research material in this period appeared in the form of commentary and super-commentary literature on contemporary and previous authorities in astronomy. After describing the contents of the Dissection and the Gloss, I will introduce and discuss two commentaries on the Dissection by ʿĀmilī’s disciples; one by Shams al-Dīn ʿAlī Khalkhālī (fl. 1088/1599) written in India for the Mughal Emperor Akbar (r. 1556-1605), and the other by Muḥammad Kāẓim Tunikābunī (d. after 1033/1624) written in Persia for ʿAbbās I. Commentators on ʿĀmilī’s astronomical works did not simply imitate him or previous Islamicate scholars; instead, they took the commentary style as a vehicle for manifesting their critical ideas and uncertainties concerning technical issues, besides showing their mastery of the literature of the discipline. Considering commentary literature as original research material, this dissertation emphasizes the necessity of a reformed attitude in understanding the intellectual productions of the Islamicate postclassical period (1200-1900) in its social and cultural context.History of AstronomySafavid PersiaBaha al-Din AmiliPatronage of ScienceIslamicate ScienceScience and ReligionDecline ThesisEarly Modern PeriodIran